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A SYLLABUS OF 

THE HISTORY 

OF 

Mediaeval Europe 



THEODORE F. COLLIER 



A SYLLABUS OF 



THE HISTORY 

OF 

Mediaeval Europe 



FROM THE GERMANIC INVASIONS 
TO THE REFORMATION 



BY 

THEODORE F. COLLIER, Ph. D. 

BROWN UNIVERSITY 



1916 



:i]iis- 



COPYRIGHT, 1916. 

BY 
THEODORE F. COLLIER 




The Kensmore Press 
Providence, R. I. 

OCT -2 I9!6 



CONTENTS 

PEEIOD I 
From the Fourth to the Tenth Century 

Transition from the Roman Empire to the Mediaeval Empire 

I. The Roman Empire in the Third Century 
II. The Rise of the Christian Church 

III. The Germanic Invasions and the Break-up of the Empire 

IV. The Christianizing of the West 

V. Merovingian and CaroUngian; the Repulse of Islam 
VI. The Frankish Hegemony; Pippin and Charles the Great 
VII. The Empire of Charles the Great 
VIII. Disruption of the Empire of Charles the Great 

PERIOD II 
From the Tenth to the Fourteenth Century 

Feudalism, Monarchy, and the Church 

IX. FeudaUsm 

X. The Germans and the Holy Roman Empire, 911-1039 
XL Church and Empire, 1039-1122; Struggle for Reform and 
Independence 
XII. Pope and Hohenstaufen, 1125-1190 

XIII. Triumph of the Papacy; Ruin of the Hohenstaufen, 1190-1268 

XIV. The Rise of France and England 

XV. France and England, 1180-1272; The King and the Baronage 
XVI. The Crusades 
XVII. Mediaeval Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce; Rise of the 
Towns 
XVIII. The Mediaeval Church at the Height of its Power 
XIX. The Culture of the Middle Ages 

PERIOD III 
From the Fourteenth Century to the Reformation 

Transition from the Mediaeval to the Modern Age 

XX. The Beginnings of a New Order, 1270-1314 
XXI. Empire and Papacy during the Babylonian Captivity, 1305-1378 
XXII. The Papal Schism and the Conciliar Movement, 1378-1449 

XXIII. France and England, 1328-1380; The Hundred Years' War, I 

XXIV. France and England, 1380-1453; The Hundred Years' War, II 
XXV. The Renaissance 

XXVI. France and England, 1453-1509; The New Absolutism 
XXVII. Germany under the House of Hapsburg, 1439-1519 
XXVIII. The Rise of the Spanish Monarchy 
XXIX. The Descent upon Italv; Opening of a New International Era 
XXX. The Dawn of a New World 

Select List of Books 



PERIOD I 

From the Fourth to the Tenth Century 
Transition from the Roman Empire to the Mediaeval Empire 

I. The Roman Empire in the Third Century 

1. The unity of the Empire 

a) territorial extent of the Empire (c/. map); population; diversity 
of races 

b) the bonds of the Empire: army, officials, law, roads, trade, coin- 
age, schools, culture, worship of the Emperor 

c) tendency toward organic unity; the Edict of Caracalla (212); 
feeling of the provincials for Rome; the Pax Romana 

2. The government of the Empire 

a) the anarchy of the third century; danger of dissolution; reorgan- 
ization by Diocletian (284-305) ; the imperium divided; the four 
Prefectures ; the rule of succession 

b) transformation of the imperial office: the princeps becomes 
doniinus; "Sacred Majesty"; Oriental absolutism 

c) the imperial court and government; the official hierarchy 

d) provincial and municipal administration: the prefecture, diocese, 
province, city; municipal senators, assemblies, curiales 

3. Symptoms of the decline of the Empire and causes of decay 

a) decline of political and military spirit; decay of the old Roman 
yeomanry; mercenary soldiery 

b) servility and despotism; corrupt and oppressive bureaucracy; 
social classes and distinctions 

c) slavery and serfdom (freedmen, coloni); effect upon free labor; 
the social chasm 

d) waste and want: vicious fiscal system; ruinous taxation (the 
curiales); financial stringency; industrial stagnation; non-em- 
ployment; pauperism; high prices; neglect of the soil 

e) depopulation: war; plague; slavery; vice; infanticide 

f) religious and moral laxity; decadence in literature and art 

4. The Empire and the Barbarians 

a) the danger of invasion; the Empire on the defensive; the fron- 
tier; the limes Bomanus (Rhine-Danube); infiltration of bar- 
barians 

b) Roman policy toward the barbarian; barbarians in the Roman 
army {socii, foederati, coloni); effect of the practice, upon bar- 
barian and Roman 

Duruy, 1-9; Emerton, Introduction, 1-25; Robinson, 8-18; Bemont and Monod, 
1-14, 18-20, 33-36; Hodgkin, Theodosius, 1-27, ;^3-54; Adams, 14-38; Dill, bk. Ill, chs. 
i and ii; Bury, I, 25-49; Cunningham, 1, 179-195; Firth, Constantine, ch. xvi; Bryce, 
4-0 

Note.— For full titles see "Select List of Books." Where more than one title 
appears under an author's name, the reference is to the first title, unless otherwise 
indicated. 



II. The Rise of the Christian Church 

1. Origin and spread of Christianity 

a) environment: Roman unity; prevalence of Greek culture; re- 
ligious and philosophical temper of the age ; moral and religious 
need of the pagan world 

b) the Apostolic Age: marks of primitive Christianity,- the "Second 
Coming," rule of the Spirit, "enthusiasm," exclusiveness, sim- 
plicity 

c) spread of Christianity: missions, methods, success; Christiani- 
ty's appeal, -monotheistic, ethical, redemptive, optimistic, dem- 
ocratic 

2. Conflict with paganism and the state 

a) mutual antagonism of Christianity and paganism ; Christianity 
"otherworldly," "Puritanical," "anti-social"; Christianity as a 
revolutionary force 

b) religious policy of the Empire; Emperor-worship; exclusive and 
uncompromising spirit of Christianity; Christian "disloyalty" 

c) the persecutions: motives; occasion; stages (Nero, Trajan, Hadri- 
an, the Antonines, Septimius Severus, Decius, Valerian, Dio- 
cletian) ; various forms of persecution; effects 

3. The developing organization of the Church 

a) the primitive Church: unity and equality in the Spirit; simple 
organization ; natural priority and authority of the Apostle ; 
Elders and Deacons 

b) the Presbyter and the Bishop; administrative and liturgical ne- 
cessities ; heresy and persecution ; the Bishop as custodian of 
the faith ; the episcopate and the unity of the Church ; Cyprian, 
"(Ze Unitate Ecclesiae^^; development of "orders" 

c) the diocese and the parish; the metropolitan; the patriarch 

d) church membership: admission, morals and discipline, worship 

4. Recognition and establishment of Christianity 

a) failure of Diocletian's attempt to exterminate the church 

b) Constantine and his rivals; the Christian church as an ally; the 
Edict of Milan (313), -Christianity a religio licifa 

c) the Emperor and the unity of the church: conflict of authority 
and heresy; Arianism and the Council of Nicaea (325); imperi- 
al authority and orthodoxy 

d) development of Christian theology; the great Fathers,-Athana- 
sius, Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, (Gregory 

e) failure of the pagan reaction under Julian (361-363); Christiani- 
ty an established religion; paganism proscribed; the Church a 
privileged corporation; dominance of the secular spirit 

f ) influence of paganism upon Christianity, as seen in organization, 
ritual, ethics, discipline, theology 

g) distinctive role of Christianity in the development of mediaeval 
civilization 

Duruy, 9-10; Emerton, /wf rod. , 92-102; Robinson, 18-24; Bemont and Monod, IS- 
IS; Adams, 39-64; Bury, I, 1-24; Gibbon, chs. xv and xxviii; Firth, Constantine, chs. 
ii, vi, X, xi; Bryce, 9-13; Robinson, Readings, I, 14-27; Penn. Trans, and Bep., vol. 
IV, no. 1 



III. The Germanic Invasions and the Break-up of the Empire 

1. Causes and character of the invasions 

a) economic pressure; migration in search of new lands; border 
raids; infiltration of barbarians; gradual occupation 

b) the migration of the Goths, from the Baltic to the Black Sea 
(150 — ); conversion to Christianity (Ulfilas); settlement in the 
Empire 

c) location of the principal Germanic peoples, about 375 (c/. map) 

d) primitive Germanic institutions (c/. Caesar and Tacitus): eco- 
nomic condition; political and military organization (the King- 
ship, the "Folkmote," the "Gefolge"; legal practices (wager of 
battle, ordeal, "Wehrgeld"); religion and morals 

2. The overrunning of the Empire 

a) the Huns and the Goths ; the Danube crossed ; the battle of 
Adrianople (378); the Emperor Theodosius and the Goths 

b) course of the Visigoths under Alaric; the sack of Rome (410); 
the Visigoths in southern Gaul and Spain 

c) course of the Vandals, through Gaul and Spain into Africa (428); 
depredations of the Vandals; Rome pillaged (455) 

d) the loss of Gaul and Britain: invasions of the Burgundians, 
Angles and Saxons, and Franks 

e) Attila and the Huns; Chalons (451) ; descent into Italy; legend 
of Pope Leo and Attila; beginnings of Venice 

3. Barbarian state-builders; the Frank and the Ostrogoth 

a) character and circumstances of the Frankish invasion 

b) Clovis the Frank (481-511): success in war; conversion to Cath- 
olic Christianity (496) ; rapid growth of his kingdom:- Alemannia 
(496), Aquitania (507), Thuringia (531), Burgundy (532), 
Provence (536), Bavaria (555), Gascony (567) 

c) division of the Imperiuni (395); Odovacer and the extinction of 
the imperial title in the West (476); conquest of Italy by The- 
odoric the Ostrogoth (493) 

d) the beneficent and tolerant rule of Theodoric (493-526); respect 
for Roman civilization; last gleams of classic culture in the 
West,-Boethius, Cassidorus 

e) decline of Ostrogothic power after Theodoric ; rise of the Lom- 
bard kingdom (568-774) 

4. Reaction of the Empire against the invasions; Justinian (527-565) 

a) overthrow of the Vandal (534) and Ostrogoth (553); defense of 
the frontiers against the Slav and Persian 

b) reinvigoration of the state; the Code of Justinian (influence 
upon law and government in the Middle Ages) ; Justinian as a 
builder,-Santa Sophia 

c) state of the Empire at the close of the sixth century 

d) legacy of Rome to the Middle Ages 

Duruv, 10-53; Emerton, Introd., 23-91; Bemont and Monod, 21-32, 36-72, 99-117; 
Thatcher and Schwill, 15-87; Robinson, 25-43; Hodgkin, Theodosius, 54-72, 134-203; 
Theodoric, chs. vii-ix; Adams, 65-106; Dill, I, 60-73, 285-315; Bury, I, 346-354,365-371, 
II, 31-39; Bryce, ch. iii; Oman, 55-68, 76-92, 101-110; Robinson, Bdgs., I, 35-55; 
Thatcher and McNeal, 2-10, 14-37, 401-410; Henderson, Docs., 176-189; Penn. Trans, 
and Eep., IV, iv, 2-21; VI, iii, 4-16 



IV. The Christianizing of the West 

1. Rise of the Papacy 

a) the See of Rome: unity of the Faith and unity of the Church; 
the Petrine tradition ; the Church of Rome, Apostolic, metropol- 
itan, orthodox, moderate, missionary 

b) the Bishop of Rome and his rivals,- Milan, Carthage, Alexan- 
dria, Constantinople; ultimate fate of the great Patriarchates 

c) progress toward supremacy in the West: transfer of the capital 
to Constantinople (the alleged "Donation of Constantine," cf. 
VIII, 4); the barbarian invasions; theological controversies 

d) ascendancy of the Roman See under Leo I (440-461): decree of 
Valentinian III (445); the Council of Chalcedon (451) and the 
claims of Rome 

e) Justinian and the Bishop of Rome 

f) Gregory the Great (590-604); Patriarch of the West; founder of 
the states of the Church; conversion of the barbarians {v. infra) 

2. Monasticism 

a) roots of monasticism: asceticism; "dualism" and the "con- 
tempt of the world"; various motives to monasticism; early an- 
chorites or hermits 

b) the coenohifes; hermit communities; the laurai of Egypt; Rule 
of St. Basil 

c) the Rule of St. Benedict {c. 526), the constitution of western 
monasticism; the monastic vows; rational and moderate char- 
acter of the Rule 

d) organization and regimen of a mediaeval monastery 

e) criticism of the monastic ideal and practice 

3. The Papacy, the monks, and the conversion of the Germans 

a) early missionaries to the barbarians,- Ulfilas, Patrick, Colum- 
ban. Gall 

b) missionary enterprises of Gregory the Great; the mission to 
Britain (Augustine of Canterbury, 597) ; British monks and 
Roman missionaries (Synod of Whitby, 664) 

c) progress of Catholicism in the West, among the Visigoths, 
Franks, Lombards 

d) Boniface, the Apostle of Germany (c 668-755); his oath of ab- 
solute allegiance to the Pope 

e) the monks as pioneers of civilization ; services to agriculture, in- 
dustry, philanthropy, education, literature and art 

Robinson, 44-66; Duruv, 111-117; Thatcher and Schwill, 230-244, 318-328; Emer- 
ton, Introd., 102-113, 135-149, 130-132; Bemont and Monod, 119-132; Adams, 107-136; 
Milman, bk. Ill, chs. vi and vii, bk. IV, ch, v; Montalembert, bk. IV, bk. XVIII, 
ch. iv; Taylor, Classical Heritage, 155-178; Robinson, Edgs., I, 62-82, 86-92, 97-107; 
Henderson, Docs.. 274-314; Thatcher and McNeal, 85-95, 434-485 



V. Merovingian and Carolingian; The Repulse of Islam 

1. The Merovingians 

a) expansion of the Frankish realm; the three kingdoms, Austrasia, 
Neustria, Burgundy; division of territory among royal heirs; in- 
ternecine strife; violence and disorder; zenith of the Merovin- 
gian power under Dagobert I (629-639) 

b) Merovingian institutions: the Kingship; the assemblies; royal 
officials; army; revenues; law and justice; the nobility; begin- 
nings of a landed aristocracy 

c) the Church: close relation to the state; growth in wealth and in- 
fluence; compromise of independence 

d) decline of the royal power after Dagobert I ; the rois faineants 

2. Rise of the Carolingians 

a) the Mayors of the Palace; Pippin, Mayor of Austrasia; struggle 
of the three kingdoms, Austrasia, Neustria, Burgundy 

b) ascendancy of Austrasia; Pippin of Heristal, Mayor of all the 
Frankish realm (Testry, 687) 

c) strong rule of Charles Martel (714-741); successful wars; cen- 
tralization of authority 

d) Charles and the Church; appointments and lands; discipline 
and reform ; Boniface 

3. Mohammed 

a) the Arabs before Mohammed ; social, economic, religious con- 
dition (the clans; blood-feud; Ramadan; polytheism; idolatry; 
Mecca and the Kaaba) 

b) Mohammed (571-632): youth; religious development; visions, 
announcement of mission; first followers 

c) the Hegira (622); Mohammed at Medina; triumphant return to 
Mecca (630); submission of the Arabs 

d) doctrines and practices of Mohammedanism; the Koran; Mo- 
hammed as prophet and statesman 

4. Expansion of Islam 

a) Islam a religion of the sword; the "Holy War" 

b) conquest of Syria, Persia, Egypt, Africa, Spain (632-711) 

c) invasion of France (731); defeat of the Moslem hosts by Charles 
Martel (Tours, 732); significance for European civilization 

d) dissensions in Islam; the Caliphates of Bagdad and Cordova 

e) Moslem civilization in Spain: agriculture, commerce, science, 
arts and letters ; Arabian contribution to European civilization 

Robinson, 67-73; Duruy, 54-90, 105-111; Emerton, Introd., 115-134; Bemont and 
Monod, 73-98, 167-173, 135-166; Oman, 111-127, 256-271, 289-291; Hodgkin, Charles 
the Great, 22-47; Adams, 136-154; Milman, bk. IV, chs. i and ii; Oilman, Saracens, 
50-120, 121-185; Gibbon, ch. 50; Robinson, Edgs., I, 51-62, 114-120; Thatcher and 
McNeal, 26-37 



VI. The Prankish Hegemony; Pippin and Charles the Great 

1. Establishment of the Carolingian dynasty 

a) the Carolingians and the unity of the realm; Pippin le Bref (741- 
768), sole ruler of the Franks (747) 

b) the Church's interest in unity; Pippin and the Pope 

c) dethronement of the last Merovingian and assumption of the 
crown by Pippin, with the Pope's approval (751); basis of the 
Papal claims to overlordship 

d) unification and reform of the Frankish Church ; Boniface 

2. Alliance of the Frank and the Pope ; beginning of the temporal power 
of the Papacy 

a) the Pope, the Lombard, and the Eastern Emperor; the Icono- 
clastic controversy; struggle for the control of Italy; the Pope's 
appeal to the Frank 

b) Pippin's descent into Italy (754) ; defeat of the Lombards; the 
Donation of Pippin (756) ; foundation of the "Temporal Power" 

c) accession of Charles and Carloman (768) ; Charles sole ruler of 
the Franks (771) 

d) subjugation of the Lombards by Charles the Great (774); con- 
firmation of Pippin's Donation 

e) Charles as Patricius of Rome; significance of the title; effect 
upon subsequent relations of Pope and Emperor 

3. Conquest and Christianization of the Saxons 

a) motives of Charles; character and course of the wars; difficulties 
of the campaign ; Widukind 

b) cooperation of the Church; forced baptism; the colonization of 
Saxony ; the great northern bishoprics 

c) results of the conquest; spread of Christianity and civilization 
through the Saxons 

4. Other conquests of Charles the Great; consolidation of his realms 

a) wars on the eastern frontier; the Avars and Slavs 

b) acquisition of the Spanish March (778) (Roncesvalles and 
Roland) 

c) establishment of the German Marks; the Markgrafen; defence 
of the frontiers of civilization 

d) incorporation of Aquitania and Bavaria into the kingdom 

Robinson, 73-83; Duruy, 117-130; Emerton, Introd., 151-213; Bemontand Monod, 
173-187; Oman, 322-339, 344-368; Hodgkin, Charles the Great, 47-124, 141-164; Egin- 
hard, Life of Charles the Great, 11-81; Robinson, Rdgs., I, 120-131; Thatcher and 
McNeai, 95-106 



VII. The Empire of Charles the Great 

1. Reconstruction of the Empire of the West 

a) power and prestige of Charles the Great; extent of his realms 
(c/. map); appropriateness of an imperial title 

b) condition of the Byzantine or "Eastern" Empire; usurpation of 
the Empress Irene 

c) the situation in Rome; the Pope and his enemies; appeal to 
Charles 

d) the imperial coronation ( Christmas Day, 800) ,- Carolus Augustus, 
Imperafor Romanorum ; significance of the title ; influence of the 
coronation upon the Middle Ages 

2. Government of the Empire of Charles 

a) legislation: the great assemblies; placita; edicts; the capitula- 
ries 

b) the Emperor's court: ministri; ministeriales ; the Palatines 

c) the Emperor's deputies: counts and dukes; the "county" and 
the "hundred"; the Missi Dominici; bishops as aids and coun- 
sellors 

d) fiscal and military system ; revenues; the Reerbann; adminis- 
tration of justice 

3. Charles and the Church 

a) concern of Charles for religion and the Church ; appointments, 
endowments, supervision 

b) reform and closer organization of the Church ; the synods 

c) independence of Charles in matters of doctrine ; controversy over 
the Creed -''Filioque''; the Iconoclastic (image) controversy 

4. Charles and culture ; the Carolingian renaissance 

a) personality of Charles; Eginhard's description; contemporary 
fame of Charles 

b) Alcuin of York and the Palace School 

c) primary education; the common school system 

d) Charles as a builder; the palace and church at Aachen 

e) progress of civilization under Charles 

f ) place of Charles in history; the Charlemagne of romance 

5. Strength and weakness of the Empire of Charles 

a) the unity of the Empire formal and personal, rather than organic 

b) defects in the administrative system ; the military system an ob- 
stacle, rather than an aid, to unity 

c) the Frankish rule of succession; danger of disruption by partition 

Emerton, /jt/rod., 214-235; Mediaeval Europe, 1-14; Duruy, 130-137; Hodgkin, 
Charles the Great, chs. xi, xii, xiii; Bemont and Monod, 187-210; Robinson, 77-79, 
83-91; Oman, 339-344, 369-382; Bryce, 43-76; West, Alcuin, 28-63, 117-123; Sergeant, 
The Franks, 248-297; Adams, 154-169; Eginhard, 42-82; Robinson, Edgs., I, 126- 
128. 131-146; Thatcher and McNeal, 107-109 



VIII. Disruption of the Empire of Charles the Great 

1. Louis the Pious (814-840) 

a) character of Louis; subservience to the Church; clerical encroach- 
ments upon the royal power during the reign of Louis 

b) development of an ecclesiastical party and policy; Benedict of 
Aniane and clerical reform 

c) ambitions of Louis's sons; family quarrels; effect upon the power 
and prestige of the crown 

2. The division of the Empire 

a) Louis's provision for his sons; dissatisfaction; battle of Fontenay 
(841); the Strassburg Oaths (Ludwig and Charles), place in the 
evolution of the French and German languages 

b) the Partition of Verdun (843); territorial divisions {v. map); 
foreshadowing of the modern nations 

c) further division and subdivision; depreciation of the iixiperial 
title; vain attempt to restore formal unity 

d) deposition of Charles the Fat (887); dismemberment of the 
Empire 

e) the "little kingdoms, "-Italy, Germany, France, Lorraine, Bur- 
gundy, Provence, Navarre 

3. The invasions of the ninth and tenth centuries 

a) the Northmen: depredations in France; siege of Paris (885); 
Rollo and the settlement of Normandy; the Danes in England 
(cf. XIV); the Normans in southern Italy; the Norsemen in the 
northern seas, -the western islands, Iceland, Greenland, "Vin- 
land" 

b) invasion from the east; Slavs and Hungarians in the valleys of 
the Theiss and the Danube 

c) the Saracens in the Mediterranean; ravages in Italy, the islands, 
the coasts of France 

d) the necessities of defence and the rise of feudalism 

e) violence and confusion of the ninth century 

4. The Papacy and the unity of Christendom 

a) growing power of the Church; moral and political influence 

b) the aims of the clergy: the "Forged Decretals," origin, contents, 
purpose; the "Donation of Constantine" 

c) Nicholas I (858-867) and the assertion of Papal prerogative 

(Lothaire II; Hincmar of Rheims; Photius of Constantinople) 

Duruy, 138-159, 166-170; Bemont and Monod, 211-235, 345; Emerton, Mediaeval 
Europe, 8-40, 42-88; Robinson, 92-103; Duruv, France, 86-103; Oman, 383-445, 446- 
477; Barry, 114-143; Milman, bk. V, cb. iv;" Robinson, Edgs., I, 155-168; Thatcher 
and McNeal, 60-68 



PERIOD II 

From the Tenth to the Fourteenth Century 
Feudalism, Monarchy, and the Church 

IX. FeudaHsm 

1. Origin and development of feudalism 

a) Roman and German roots of feudalism: patron and client; "com- 
mendation" ; the j^recarium; the "Gefolge" 

b) conditions favorable to the growth of feudalism: the Invasions; 
weakness of central government ; necessities of defence 

c) elements of the feudal system: vassalage; the fief or benefice; 
immunities; hereditary tenure (Edict of Kiersy, 877); sub-in- 
feudation 

d) feudal investiture; homage and fealty 

e) reciprocal rights and obligations of lord and vassal ; the feudal 
a,\ds- a uxiliuni and consilium; relief, escheat, forfeiture 

2. Land tenure under the feudal system 

a) organization and exploitation of a fief; the manor, -the demesne 
and the tenures 

b) serfdom and free villeinage ; conditions of servile and of free 
tenure 

c) seigniorial rights of a feudal lord over his tenants; revenues of 
a fief 

d) agriculture under the feudal system (c/. XVII) 

3. Social organization of the feudal regime 

a) hereditary class distinctions; noble and common 

b) the noble: privileges; interests; life (the feudal castle, war, 
tourney, the chase) 

c) knighthood and chivalry; the "religion of honor"; "courteoisie"; 
the ideal and the practice 

d) the Church and the clergy in the feudal system ; high churchmen 
as feudal lords 

4. Political organization ; the feudal state 

a) the distribution of authority and power 

b) feudal lordship ; the great feudatories 

c) position and power of a feudal king; the royal domain; the 
feudal army 

d) conflicting interests of feudalism and monarchy 

e) violence and anarchy of the feudal regime ; forces opposed to 
feudalism,- the King, the Church, the towns; restraining meas- 
ures,-the Truce of God, the Public Peace 

5. The place of feudalism in the political and social development of Europe 

a) defects: decentralization of authority, lawlessness, rigid class 
distinctions 

b) merits: checked invasion, held society together by bond of 
honor, saved Europe from anarchy, resisted despotism 

Dnruy, 200-221; Bemont and Monod, 246-267, 375-377; Emerton, Med. Eur., 478- 
521; RobinBon, 106-119, 233-237, 256-258; Seignobos, Feudal Regime, 3-68; Adams, Civ- 
ilieation, 194-226; Robinson, Rdgs., I, 99-103, 171-191, 399-406; Thatcher and McNeal, 
883-387, 410-427, 545-549 



X. The Germans and the Holy Roman Empire, 911-1 039 

1. The founding of the German kingdom 

a) collapse of the Carolingian empire; Arnulf and the defense of 
Germany 

b) the German Stem-duchies,-Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia, Saxony 

c) election of Konrad I as German King (911); support of the 
Church 

d) Henry I (919-936): strengthening of the royal power ; acquisition 
of Lorraine ; defense of the kingdom ; victor}^ over the Magyars 
and Slavs 

2. Otto I (936-973), Restorer of the Empire 

a) enhanced dignity of the Kingship ; the crown strong and heredi- 
tary ; subordination of the Dukes 

b) Otto and the German Church ; influence in appointments; new 
bishoprics; extension of Christian civilization between the Elbe 
and the Oder; the new Marks 

c) defense of the frontiers; defeat of the Hungarians (Lechfeld, 
955): settlement of the Hungarians; Papal recognition of their 
kingdom (1000) 

d) power and prestige of Otto; relations with the Poles, Danes, 
Bohemians 

e) degradation of the Papacj'; the "PoDiocnitia^^ ; factional strife 
and anarchy in Italy; first intervention by Otto (951) 

f ) revival of the imperial title (962) ; the "Holy Roman Empire of 
the German Nation,"- extent; nature; basic idea, the theory 
and the reality 

3. The Empire under Otto II and Otto III; Italian and Byzantine influ- 
ences 

a) Otto II (973-983) : Byzantine connections ; designs in southern 
Italy; relations with Greeks and Saracens 

b) Otto III (983-1002): visionary and mystical conception of the 
Empire; the Empire as a theocracy, -Otto III and Sylvester II; 
imitation of Byzantine imperialism 

4. Henry II (1002-1024) and Konrad II (1024-1039) 

a) reaction from visionary imperialism; energetic national policy 

b) checks upon the great feudatories; the balance of classes; re- 
striction of episcopal power in Italy 

c) reform and control of the clergy 

d) territorial acquisitions; annexation of Burgundy to the Empire 
(1032) 

Duruy, 187-199; Bemont and Monod, 268-283; Emerton, Med. Eur., 90-185; Rob- 
inson, 148-153; Tout, 12-60; Bryce, chs. vii, viii, ix; Robinson, Rdgs., 1, 245-255; 
Thatcher and McNeal, 69-79, 114-119 



XI. Church and Empire, 1039-1 122 
Struggle for Reform and Independence 

1. Clerical corruption and the Cluniac reform 

a) feudalization of the Church, and its consequences: wealth, polit- 
ical power, corruption ; secular interests incompatible with spir- 
itual ideals and religious duties 

b) lay investiture inimical to ecclesiastical independence; conflict- 
ing interests and obligations of the feudal clergy 

c) clerical marriage ; the attempt to enforce celibacy ; the Church's 
fear for its property ; danger of hereditary benefices 

d) the degradation of the Papacy ; the Papal chair the sport of 
Roman factions; the scandal of Christendom 

e) the Cluniac reform movement: origin; aim,- to extirpate simony, 
prohibit lay investiture, enforce clerical celibacy; progress 

2. Henry III (1039-1056) ; redemption of the Papacy 

a) strength of the Empire under Henry; acquisition of Bohemia; 
German influence in Hungary and Poland; dominant position 
in Europe 

b) Henry and the Cluniac reform; rescue of the Papacy (Synod of 
Sutri, 1046) 

c) the reformed Papacy; Leo IX (the great reform synods) ; Nich- 
olas II; the decree of 1059,- election of the Pope by the Cardi- 
nals; dominant influence of Hildebrand 

d) acknowledgment of Papal suzerainty by the Normans of southern 
Italy 

3. Henry IV and Gregory VII ; the Investiture Controversy 

a) Henry IV (1056-1106): character; difficulties of his minority; 
the Saxon rebellion 

b) Gregory VII (Hildebrand), 1073-1085: imperious temper; lofty 
claims for the Papacy; the Dictatus Papae; haughty tone toward 
the princes of Europe 

c) the issue,- lay investiture or the liberty of the Church? 

d) allies of the Papacy: the reformers; the monastic army; the 
Lombard zealots {Fataria) ; the Normans; the Countess Matilda 

e) Gregory's decree (1075); defiance of Henry and the German 
bishops 

f) excommunication and deposition of Henry; the "humiliation" 
at Canossa (1077) 

g) anti-kings and anti-popes; Henry carries the war into Italy; in- 
tervention of the Normans; death of Gregory in exile (1085) 

4. The Concordat of Worms (1122) 

a) Urban II; appeal to Europe (Council of Clermont, 1095) ; rebel- 
lion against Henry in Germany and Lombardy 

b) Henry V (1106-1125) and Pascal II; fruitless negotiations 

c) the Concordat of Worms (1122): freedom of election and conse- 
cration; ecclesiastical investiture "with ring and staff"; royal 
investiture with the regalia 

Duruy, 235-244; Bemont and Monod, 284-300; Emerton, Med. Eur., 185-269; Tout, 
96-150; Robinson, 153-172; Bryce, ch. x; Montalembert, bk. XIX, chs. i, ii, vi; Mil- 
man, bk. VI, chs. i-iii and bk. VII; Robinson, Rdgs., I, 266-293; Henderson, Docs., 
366-409; Thatcher and McNeal, 121-167 



XII. Pope and Hohenstaufen, 1 125-1 190 

1. Rise of the Hohenstaufen 

a) factions in Germany: Saxon and Swabian, Guelf and Hohen- 
staufen ("Ghibelline"), Papal and anti-Papal 

b) Lothar II (Saxon, 1125-1138)): favor to Church and Guelf; 
growth of the ecclesiastical, pro-Papal party 

c) Konrad III (Hohenstaufen, 1138-1152); victory over the Guelfs 

d) Frederick Barbarossa (Hohenstaufen, 1152-1190): high spirit; 
imperious temper; conception of imperial office 

e) the revived study of Roman law (Bologna, 1088); the imperial 
prerogative according to the Code 

2. Political developments in Italy 

a) the Italian cities; grov.'th in wealth and power; communal de- 
velopment; aspiration for independence; predominance of Milan 

b) the Norman in Sicily; Roger II forces recognition as King, under 
Papal suzeraintj^; the Emperor's claim to Sicily 

c) the Papacy: disputed election of 1130; final recognition of Inno- 
cent II; dominant influence of St. Bernard 

d) the Roman revolution (1148); Arnold of Brescia 

3. The Emperor, the Pope and the Lombard towns 

a) Frederick in Italy; overthrow of the Roman Republic; the Pope 
and the Kingdom of Sicily 

b) the Besangon episode; the Empire as the beneficium of the 
Papacy 

c) the Lombard towns and the imperial reyalia ; Assembly of Ron- 
caglia (1158); destruction of Milan 

d) the Lombard League; alliance with the Pope, Alexander III; de- 
feat of Frederick at Legnano (1176); humiliation before the Pope 
(Venice, 1177) 

e) the Peace of Constance (1183): formal recognition of imperial 
suzerainty ; virtual independence of the Italian towns 

4. Germany under Frederick Barbarossa 

a) assertion of the royal power; dynastic successes (the Sicilian 
marriage) 

b) punishment of Henry the Lion and partition of Guelf lands 

c) expansion of the sphere of German influence and civilization 

d) death of Frederick, on the third Crusade; the legendary Frederick 

Bemont and Monod, ;301-:317; Robinson, 173-180; Emerton, Med. Em:, 271-312; 
Duruy, 245-253; Tout, 221-273; Henderson, Germany in Mid. Ag., 222-298; Adams, 
Civ., 247-253; Freeman, Hist. Essays, 1st series, 252-282; Milman, bk. VIII, chs. vi- 
vii; Robinson, Edgs., I, 302-306: Henderson, Docs., 410-430; Thatcher and McNeal, 
168-207 



XIII. Triumph of the Papacy; Ruin of the Hohenstaufen 
1190-1268 

1. Hohenstaufen-Guelf rivalry for the imperial crown 

a) Henry VI, Hohenstaufen (1190-1197): the Sicilian connection; 
influence upon relations of Pope and Emperor; Henry's large 
designs; abortive Italian enterprise 

b) minority of Frederick II; the Pope, Innocent III, his guardian 

c) civil war in Germany; rivalry of Otto of Brunswick (Guelf) and 
Philip of Swabia (Hohenstaufen); the Pope as arbiter; recogni- 
tion of Frederick II (1212)- Sicily and the Empire not to be 
united; defeat of Otto at Bouvines (1214) 

2. Innocent III (1198-1216); the zenith of the mediaeval Papacy 

a) triumph of the Hildebrandine theory ; the Pope the arbiter of 
Christendom and the judge of kings 

b) Innocent and the princes of Europe; coercion of Philip Augustus 
of France, John of England, and others 

c) consolidation of the states of the Church 

d) the fourth Lateran Council (1215), the supreme height of Papal 
power and prestige 

3. Frederick II (1212-1250) and the ruin of the Hohenstaufen 

a) character of Frederick II; the "Stupor MundV^; modernity of 
his views 

b) factors in his Italian policy,-the Pope, the Lombard towns, Na- 
ples and Sicily 

c) first quarrel with the Papacy (1221-1230); the postponed Cru- 
sade ; the papal ban ; the truce with the Infidel ; Peace of San 
Germano 

d) war with the Lombard towns; renewed quarrel with the Pope; 
the Emperor victorious (1237) 

e) Frederick in Germany; suppression of Henry's rebellion; forced 
concessions to the princes; futile attempt to check the cities 

f) absolutism in Sicily; Frederick's court at Palermo; Frederick 
and culture; patronage of art, letters, science 

g) swift ruin of Frederick's plans; defeat and death (1250) 

4. Dissolution of the mediaeval Empire 

a) failure of Konrad IV and Manfred to maintain the Hohenstaufen 
power; the Pope's invitation to Charles of Anjou; extinction of 
the "viper brood" 

b) separation of Germany and Italy 

c) the Great Interregnum (1254-1273); disintegration in Germany; 
anarchy and usurpation 

d) growing power of the German cities; city-leagues; expansion of 
German civilization toward the north and east 

Bgmont and Monod, 318-335, 479-487; Emerton, Med. Eur., 314-332, 342-356; 
Duruy, 253-259; Robinson, 180-186; Tout, 304-335, 358-392, 478-488; Hutton, Philip 
Atignstus, 88-111, 159-180; Brvce, 204-221; Freeman, Hist. Essays, 1st series, 283- 
314; Thatcher and McNeal, 208-209, 214-259; Lee, Source-book Eng. Hist., 155-164 



XIV. The Rise of France and England 

1. Origin of the Capetian dynasty 

a) the last Carolingians and the Dukes of France; Eudes, Count of 
Paris; formation of Normandy 

b) election of Hugh Capet as King (987-996) 

c) the task of establishing royal authority ; the King and the nobles; 
circumstances favorable to the crown 

d) rise of the great feudatories, -Normandy, Brittany, Flanders, 
Anjou, Burgundy, Aquitaine, Toulouse 

2. Louis VI (1100-1187) and Louis VII (1137-1180) 

a) struggle with feudalism; slow progress of the royal power; the 
Church as the ally of the throne ; Suger 

b) marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry Plantagenet; con- 
sequences for France and England {cf. 5, infra) 

3. England before the Norman Conquest 

a) the Saxon kingdoms; internecine strife; shifting hegemony; 
final ascendancy of Wessex (Egbert, 829-839) 

b) the Danish invasion; Alfred the Great (871-901) and the de- 
fence of the kingdom 

c) the Danish conquest; Canute, King of England (1017-1035) 

d) the great earldoms; the family of Godwin; Harold and Edward 
the Confessor 

e) England upon the eve of the Norman Conquest 

4. The Norman Conquest 

a) William the Conqueror: claims to the English throne; Papal ap- 
proval ; invasion and victory (Hastings, 1066) ; pacification of 
the kingdom 

b) organization of the Norman monarchy: attitude toward Saxon 
laws and institutions; strict control of feudalism (Salisbury 
Oath); strong government (sheriffs; Domesday Book); inde- 
pendence toward the Church 

c) Henry I (1 100-1 135) , -centralization of authority ; Stephen and 
Matilda (1135-1154), -civil war and anarchy; feudal usurpation 

5. Henry II (1154-1189) 

a) extent of Henry's realms; the Angevin empire {cf. map); Henry 
and the King of PVance 

b) order and strong rule in England; constructive reforms, admin- 
istrative, judicial, military, fiscal (Assize of Arms; the Ex- 
chequer; circuit judges; the juries; the Common Law) 

c) Henry and the Church: clerical immunity; the Constitutions of 
Clarendon (1164) ; Thomas Becket 

Duruv, 159-164, 171-186, 341-:i'il; Bemont and Monod, 2:^5-245, 391-404, 445-459 
Emerton, Med. Eur., 400-421; Tout, 66-92, 274-294; Robinson, 120-125, 133-144 
Adams, French Nation, 54-63, 73-81; Guizot, 62-84; Duruy, France, 100-110, 126-148, 
Cheyney, 91-170; Gardiner, 100-158; Green, 81-112; Robinson, Bdgs., I, 194-205, 222- 
231; Henderson, Docs., 7-9, 11-20; Lee, Source-hook Eng. Hist., 111-141; Adams 
and Stephens, 1-29; Cheyney, Bdgs., 177-186, 217-225 



XV. France and England, 1180-1272 
The King and the Baronage 

1. Philip Augustus (1180-1223): growth of royal power in France 

a) Philip and feudalism ; increase of the royal domain 

b) rivalry with the Plantagenets, Richard and John; conquest of 
Normandy and Anjou (1203-06) 

c) coalition against Philip; victory of Bouvines (1214) ; evidences 
of national spirit 

d) the Albigensian crusade and the subjugation of Languedoc 

e) centralization of authority and administration 

2. Louis IX (St. Louis), 1226-1270; zenith of feudal monarchy 

a) minority of Louis ; regency of Blanche of Castile ; struggle with 
feudal reaction; submission of the barons (1244) 

b) the royal appanages ; seeds of future difficulties for the crown 

c) foreign relations: mediator between Pope and Emperor; arbiter 
between Henry III and the English barons 

d) St. Louis the paragon of mediaeval kingship 
8. The government of France in the thirteenth century 

a) the crown and the forces of feudalism 

b) royal councils and courts; high officers of the crown 

c) the royal domain; crown revenues; the military forces 

d) the King's justice; the Parlement; legal procedure 

e) the national Church and clergy 

f) provincial and local administration; prevots, haillis, seneschals 

g) the King and the towns; the bonnes villes; gradual rise of the 
Third Estate 

4. Check upon the royal power in England; Richard (1189-1199); John 
(1199-1216) 

a) Richard's neglect of the kingdom; the Justiciars; Hubert Walter 

b) difficulties and mistakes of John: loss of French lands; aliena- 
tion of the barons and clergy; papal discipline 

c) Stephen Langton and the Interdict; John becomes the Pope's 
vassal 

d) united resistance to tyranny; Magna Carta (1215): its provi- 
sions (feudal dues, taxation, justice, civil rights, the Church); 
significance for English liberties 

5. Henry III (1216-1272); growth of national feeling in England 

a) fusion of Norman and Saxon; signs of a national consciousness; 
resentment against foreign influences at court 

b) royal misrule and papal exactions; extravagance and extortion 

c) the provisions of Oxford and the Barons' War 

d) Simon de Montfort and the first Parliament (1265); representa- 
tion of the Commons 

Duruv, 351-367, 385-388; Bemont and Monod, 378-390, 404-444, 459-466, 506-511; 
Emerton,' 3Ied. Eur., 421-433; Tout, 393-427; Robinson, 125-131, 144-147; Duruy, 
France, 148-165; Guizot, 85-120; Hutton, Philip Augustus, 53-158; Perry, St. Louis, 
21-54, 229-283; Cheyney, 171-209; Gardiner, 159-208; Green, 112-160; Robinson, Edgs., 
1,206-218,231-241; Lee, Source-book Eng. Hist., 155-180; Adams and Stephens, 42-62; 
Cheyney, Edgs., 90-163 



XVI. The Crusades 

1. Causes and general character of the Crusades 

a) relations of Christians and Moslems before the Crusades; trade 
with the Orient; pilgrimages to the Holy Places; Christian and 
Moor in Spain 

b) advance of the Seljuk Turks; fanatical hatred of Christians; per- 
secution of pilgrims; capture of Jerusalem and Antioch; con- 
quest of Asia Minor (1071); peril of Constantinople 

c) Moslem victories in Spain, XI century; alarm of Christendom 

d) the times favorable for a Crusade: opening of land routes and 
sea routes to the East; dissensions among Mohammedans; chiv- 
alry and the spirit of adventure; moral supremacy of the Papacy 

2. The first Crusade (1095-1099) 

a) appeal of the Eastern Emperor for aid; Urban II at the Council 
of Clermont (1095); the summons to a Crusade; ''Deus vuH" 

b) Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless 

c) the Crusade of the Princes (Godfrey of Bouillon); the Crusaders 
and the Eastern Emperor; capture of Nicaea, Antioch, Edessa; 
capture of Jerusalem (1099) 

d) the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Latin states of Syria 

e) the Crusading Orders: Templars; Hospitallers; Teutonic Knights 

f ) Christian and Moslem in Syria,-comity, tolerance, intercourse 

3. The Crusades of the twelfth century 

a) weakness of the Christian states of Syria; dissension and strife; 
loss of Edessa (1144); St. Bernard's call to the second Crusade 
(1147); Louis VII; Konrad III; failure of the Crusade 

b) rise of Saladin; his recovery of Jerusalem (1189) 

c) the third Crusade (1189-1192); Richard Coeur de Lion, Philip 
Augustus, Frederick Barbarossa, Leopold of Austria; siege of 
Acre; quarrels of the leaders; truce with Saladin 

4. The Crusades of the thirteenth century 

a) the Crusades and Italian commerce; Venice and the fourth Cru- 
sade; Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261) 

b) Frederick II as a Crusader (1228); concessions from the Sultan 

c) loss of Jerusalem (1244); the Crusades of St. Louis: Egypt (1248); 
Tunis (1270) 

d) reasons for the cessation and failure of the Crusades 

e) Crusades in Europe,-against Moor, Slav, Albigensian 

5. Effects of the Crusades upon European civilization 

a) increase of commerce; larger use of monej'; banking and ex- 
change; wealth and luxury' 

b) weakening of feudalism; increase of royal power; promotion of 
nationalism; rise of towns 

c) geographical and scientific knowledge; artistic and literary in- 
spiration; the Crusades the prelude to the Renaissance 

Emerton, Med. Eur. .358-397; Bemont and Monod, 348-374; Dumy, 261-288; Robin- 
Bon, 187-200; Tout, 177-197, 295-304, 342-350, 450-462; Adams, Civilization, 258-278; 
Archer and Kingsford, 26-40, 109-129, 169-187, 425-441; Cox, chs. i, ii, and vii; 
Webster, Hist, of Commerce, 47-62; Perry, St. Louis, 127-195; Robinson, Edgs., I, 
312-343; Penn. Trans, and Hep., vol. I, nos. 2 and 4; Thatcher and McNeal, 512-544 



XVII. Mediaeval Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce 
Rise of the Towns 

1. Agriculture 

a) the rural population; serfs (bound to the soil) and free villeins ; 
gradual emancipation of the serfs, especially in England and 
France ; commutation of dues and services ; freehold and copy- 
hold 

b) the mediaeval manor; demesne and tenures; manorial economy 

c) agricultural conditions and methods: the open field; the common; 
crude implements and methods; precarious subsistence; narrow 
life of the peasant 

d) rural trade; "natural economy"; barter and exchange 

2. Industry 

a) slow growth of industry ; household economy 

b) organization of industry: the craft gild, -apprentice, journeyman, 
master; rules and regulations; advantages and disadvantages of 
the gild 

c) place of the gilds in the social and political life of the towns 

3. Trade and commerce 

a) decline of commerce with the collapse of the Roman Empire ; 
revival in southern Italy, XI c; the Crusades and commerce 

b) main fields, centres, and routes of mediaeval commerce (cf. 
map, Webster or Robinson); chief articles of commerce; the 
market and fair; the merchant gild 

c) hazards and restrictions of trade,- perils of navigation, pirates, 
strand laws, poor roads, feudal exactions, varying weights and 
coins, "just price," arbitrary regulations 

d) money and commerce; effects of larger use of money; bills of ex- 
change; money lending; ecclesiastical prejudice against taking 
interest; the Jews and Lombards 

e) the city, the unit of mediaeval commerce; city leagues,- the 
Hansa, the Rhenish and Swabian leagues, the Lombard league; 
city states,- Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence 

f ) commerce and the progress of civilization 

4. Rise and emancipation of the towns 

a) origins of mediaeval towns; growth, from tenth century onward 

b) the towns and feudalism; the communal revolution (XI-XII 
cents.); emancipation, by purchase or revolt; struggle with 
King, noble, and Church 

c) the incorporated town: charter; rights; government; "towns of 
burgessy"; rural communes 

d) enfranchisement and representation ; rise of the Third Estate 

e) services of the cities to civilization: dignified labor; increased 
and conserved wealth; developed the arts; fostered political 
liberty 

Duruy, 305-326; Bemont and Monod, 375-390; Emerton, Med. Eur. , 509-540; Rob- 
inson, 233-249, 273-276; Webster, Hist, of Commerce, 55-105; Gibbins, Hist, of Com- 
merce, 38-89; Cunningham, II, 74-84, 89-103; Adams, Civ., 279-310; Giry and Reville, 
8-59; Zimmern, ifawsa Towns, 21-47; Green, 193-201; Cheyney, SJiort Hist. Eng., 
195-204; Robinson, Rdgs., I, 296-302, 399-415; Penn. Trans, and Rep., vol. II, no. 1; 
Thatcher and McNeal, 578-612 



XVIIl. The Mediaeval Church at the Height of its Power 

1. The Church as a state; the Papal monarchy 

a) election of a Pope: decree of 1059; the Cardinals; the Conclave 

b) Papal authority, original, absolute, universal; the Pope's titles 

c) Papal prerogatives: "power of the keys," appointment, canon- 
ization, excommunication, interdict, dispensation, indulgence 

d) the Papal government: the Curia; Papal revenues:-the Patri- 
mony of Peter, Peter's Pence, annates, pallium fees, dispensa- 
tions, indulgences 

e) the Canon Law (Gratian, c. 1142; Gregory IX, 1234) ; Papal de- 
cretals and bulls; dispensations 

f) councils and synods; the Pope and synodal decrees; Papal Leg- 
ates; the Pope's appellate jurisdiction 

2. The bishop and the diocese 

a) election and consecration: part played by "people and clergy," 
chapter. Pope 

b) functions: ordination, confirmation, visitation, supervision; the 
bishop as landlord, public official and counsellor 

c) organization of the diocese: the dean and chapter; the archdea- 
con; administration 

d) the archbishop and the province; \he pallinm; primatial prerog- 
atives 

3. The priest and the parish 

a) priestly ordination; the "indelible character" 

b) appointment; patronage, or advowson; vicars and curates 

c) varied duties of a parish priest 

d) religious life of the layman; the Church and the endowment of 
grace ; the seven sacraments ; doctrine of the Mass (Transub- 
stantiation) ; ecclesiastical discipline, -confession, penance, good 
works; excommunication 

4. The "regular," or monastic, clergy 

a) the mediaeval monastery; the Abbot; the Prior; monastic life 

b) clerical corruption and the decay of religion ; heresy and super- 
stition 

c) the Mendicant orders (Franciscans and Dominicans) and the 
service of religion: origin, ideals, methods, influence; comparison 
with the older Orders 

5. The Catholic faith and heresy 

a) the Church and the DeposHum Fidei; dogma, assent, and salva- 
tion 

b) the "unity of the Faith"; heresy; mediaeval horror of heresy as 
sacrilege and treason 

c) punishment of heresy; the Inquisition; the civil power and her- 
esy; the Albigensian crusade; persecution of the Waldensians 

Duruy, 288-289, 292-295; Robinson, 201-232; Bemont and Monod, 488-514; Emer- 
ton, 3Ied. Eur., 333-342, 541-592; Tout, 198-207, 214-217, 438-446; Milman, bk. IX, 
chs. ix, x; Sabatier, 6'^. Francis, chs. i-iii and xv, xvi; Jessopp, The Coming of the 
Friars, chs. i and iii; Robinson, Bdgs., I, 346-395; Henderson, Docs., 344-349 



XIX. The Culture of the Middle Ages 

1. The "Dark Ages," ninth and tenth centuries 

a) eclipse of culture after the Carolingian renaissance 

b) the Church the custodian of learning and culture; monastery 
schools; Latin; the "Liberal Arts"; the trivmm and quadrivium 

c) theological cast of learning; doctrinal controversies; the ques- 
tions of human nature, freedom of the will, grace and salvation 

2. The revival of learning in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 

a) new monastery and cathedral schools 

b) Aristotle, the dominant influence; dialectics; the syllogism; a 
priori reasoning; scholasticism 

c) the claims of faith and of reason: Anselm, the "Father of Scho- 
lasticism"; Abelard, the rationalist C'lntelligo tit credani^^); 
Bernard, the mystic 

d) the question of "universals"; Realism and Nominalism; signifi- 
cance of the controversy, -religious, social, political implications 

e) the authority of the "Fathers"; Peter Lombard; the compends 

3. Rise of the universities; bloom of scholasticism 

a) origin of the universities; Paris; Bologna; Oxford; the univer- 
sities of Spain 

b) organization: the rector; the four faculties; the "nations" or 
gilds; colleges; examinations; degrees; the ''facultas docendV' 

c) curriculum; methods of instruction; absence of scientific method 
and apparatus; blind regard for authority 

d) student life; discipline; freedom of movement 

e) the bloom of scholasticism; Albertus Magnus; Thomas Aquinas 
(the Sunima fheologiae); Duns Scotus; Bonaventura; Roger Ba- 
con and the inductive method 

f ) degeneration of scholasticism (XIV c); contempt of the Renais- 
sance for the "logic-choppers" 

4. Mediaeval literature and art 

a) development of the modern languages and of a secular literature 

b) the epic, lyric, fable, romance, chansons de gestes; troubadours, 
frouveres, jongleurs, minnesinger; the miracle play; spirit of 
secular literature 

c) mediaeval "science": alchemy; astrology; magic; symbolism; 
superstition; intellectual curiosity as impiety 

d) geography and history; limited knowledge of the world; the Cru- 
sades and the wider horizon; beginnings of secular history,- de 
Joinville, Villehardouin, Matthew Paris 

e) spirit, characteristics and limitations of mediaeval art 

f) mediaeval architecture; Romanesque; Gothic; religious inspira- 
tion of mediaeval art and architecture ; civic pride as a motive 

Duruy, 222-233, 326-340, 517-531; Bemont and Monod, 515-544; Emerton, Med. 
Swr., 436-476; Robinson, 241-247, 250-276; Tout, 207-214,428-432,445-449; Milman, 
bk. VIII, ch. v; Dunning, Polit. Theories, Anc. and Med. , 189-207; McCabe, Abelard, 
15-46, 73-90; Rashdall, Univs., I, 30-64; Robinson, Edgs., I, 431-461 



PERIOD Hi 

From the Fourteenth Century to the Reformation 
Transition from the Mediaeval to the Modern Age 

XX. The Beginnings of a New Order, 1 270- 1314 

1. The Empire: triumph of the forces of decentralization 

a) anarchy of the Interregnum; "Fist law"; the princes; the cities 

b) election of Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273); the imperial office 

c) foundation of the Hapsburg dynasty by Rudolf and Albert I 

d) rise of the Swiss Confederation; the League (1291) 

e) Italy and the Emperor; struggle of Anjou and Aragon for Sicily 
and Naples; the city-states of the north; factional strife,-Guelf 
and Ghibelline; Dante, de Monarchia 

f) failure of Henrv VII to restore the imperial authority 

2. France: royal absolutism; Philip III (1270-1285); Philip IV-"the 
Fair" (1285-1314) 

a) the crown and feudalism ; growth of the royal domain 

b) the crown lawyers and the royal prerogative ; centralization of 
authority; despotic government; oppressive taxation; suppres- 
sion of the Templars (1307) 

c) national consolidation; the first Estates-General (1302) 

d) war with England and the Flemish towns ; victory of Flemish 
burghers at Courtrai (1302) 

3. England: strong but limited kingship; Edward I (1272-1307) 

a) Edward as administrator and legislator; the "English Justinian" 

b) the national consciousness; united resistance to arbitrary mon- 
archy; the Model Parliament of 1295; Confirmation of the 
Charters 

c) national expansion: subjugation of Wales (1284); wars with 
Scotland (1296-1328) -Wallace; Bruce; Bannockburn (1314) 

d) fusion of the English nation under Edward 

4. The Papacy and the new order; Boniface VIII (1294-1303) 

a) character and aims of Boniface; Unani Sanciom (1302) ; Papal 
claims incompatible with the new order 

b) question of the control of the clergy, -clerical immunity or na- 
tional unity? the Pope's protest against clerical taxation, Cleri- 
cis lairos (1296) ; retaliatory measures of Edward and Philip 

c) humiliation and death of Boniface (1303) ; removal of the Pa- 
pacy to Avignon; beginning of the "Babylonian Captivity" 

Duruy, 367-382, 388-391, 443-453, 460-468, 505-509; Lodge, 1-65, 124-130; Robinson, 
277-281, 303-306; Guizot, France, 120-139; Duruy, France, 175-182; Adams, French 
Nation, 96-107; Cheyney, 209-227; Gardiner, 208-231; Green, 161-193, 201-207; Adams, 
Civilization, 391-398; Dunning, Polit. Theories, Anc. and Med. , 215-235; Gregorovius, 
Rome in Mid. Ag., V, ii, 516-541; Robinson, Rdqs., I, 346-348, 488-490; Henderson, 
Docs., 148-150. 432-437; Thatcher and McNeal, 260-276, 311-317 



XXI. Empire and Papacy during the Babylonian Captivity 

1. The Babylonian Captivity 

a) the Pope at Avignon; subservience to France ; incongruity of his 
position with his claims to universal authority 

b) enervating and demoralizing effects; luxury, self-indulgence, 
neglect of spiritual interests and duties 

c) financial abuses, -annates, reservations, provisions, indulgences 

2. National opposition to a French Papacy 

a) the disputed imperial election; the Pope's pretension to dispose 
of the imperial crown; defiance of the Emperor Ludwig and the 
German princes 

b) controversy over the powers of Church and State ; the secular 
theory vs. the hierarchical theory ; Marsiglio of Padua and the 
Defensor Poci.s, -independence and supremacy of the civil power, 
separation of Church and State 

c) assertion of German national spirit; Declaration of Rense {Licet 
juris) and the diet of Frankfurt (1838),- the imperial authority 
divinely ordained and independent of ecclesiastical sanction 

d) Ludwig's pusillanimous betrayal of the national cause; repudi- 
ation of Ludwig; election of Charles IV (Luxembourg, 1347) 

e) English opposition to Papal aggression and exaction; Praemun- 
ire; Provisors; Wyclif on Church and State, -de Dominio 

3. Germany under Charles IV (1347-1378); decentralization; territorialism 

a) Charles's subservience to the clergy, -the ''PfaffenJicdser" ; the 
Italian fiasco ; virtual renunciation of imperial rights in Italy 

b) dynastic interests; Bohemia; Bramlenburg; Poland 

c) unsuccessful struggle with the German cities 

d) the Golden Bull (1356), the "constitution of anarchy": the seven 
Electors; the princes; the cities; decentralization and oligarchy; 
end of real, organic unity in Germany 

4. Italy during the absence of the Papacy 

a) factional strife ; foreign intervention ; struggle for Naples 

b) the Papal States; the Republic of Rienzi 

c) rivalry of Venice and Genoa; developments in Florence and Milan 

d) return of the Pope to Rome (1377); election of Urban VI (Roman 
line) and of Clement VII (Avignon line); beginning of the Great 
Schism (1378) 

Robinson, 806-310; Duruy, 468-472; Lodge, 98-123, 139-182; Adams, Civilization, 
398-402; Henderson, Short Hist, of Germany, I, 132-164; Creighton, I, 27-58; Dunning, 
235-253; Brvce, 221-251; Robinson, Rdgs., I, 488-510; Henderson, Docs., 220-261,437- 
439; Taswell-Langmead, 337-341; Adams and Stephens, Docs., 117-121, 123-124; 
Thatcher and McNeal, 279-280, 283-305, 317-324 



XXII. The Papal Schism and the Conciliar Movement, 1378-1449 

1. The Great Schism (1378-1417) 

a) the Papal election of 1378; claims of the Roman and Avignonese 
lines 

b) religious and political eflfects of the Schism; unity and the effi- 
cacy of the sacraments; unity and ecclesiastical authority 

c) fruitless negotiations to heal the Schism 

d) the University of Paris (Chancellor Gerson) and the Conciliar 
theory,- a General Council the supreme authority in the Church 

e) the Council of Pisa (1409); the Schism made worse 

f) schism in the Empire: war between the cities and the princes; 
misrule of Wenzel; dynastic quarrels; revolt of Bohemia 

g) Sigismund becomes sole Emperor (1411) 

2. The Council of Constance (1414-1418) and the healing of the Schism 

a) the insistent demand for unity in Church and Empire 

b) alarming growth of heresj' during the Schism; Wyclif and Lol- 
lardy; John Hus; voices for reform 

c) objects of the Council: unity; extirpation of heresy; reform "in 
head and members" 

d) powers of Pope and Council: the decree Sacrosanct 

e) trial and execution of John Hus (1415); violation of the Em- 
peror's safe-conduct; Bohemia's demand for revenge 

f ) deposition of the rival Popes; election of Martin V (1417); the 
Schism healed 

g) postponement of reform; the decree Frequens, provision for 
periodic councils 

3. Failure of the Conciliar movement ; rehabilitation of the Papacy 

a) the Hussite rebellion; demands, religious and political; crusades 

b) the Council of Basel: occasion; radical temper; democratic or- 
ganization ; concessions to the Hussites ; extreme measures ; 
breach with the Pope 

c) the Pope's rival council of Ferrara-Florence; union of the Greek 
and Latin Churches proclaimed; refusal of the Greeks to ratify 
the union 

d) the national church movement in France and Germany; the 
Pragmatic Sanctions of Bourges and Mainz (1438) 

e) Aeneas Sylvius and the subjection of the German church 

f ) condemnation of the Conciliar theory (bull Execrahilis) 

Duruv, 472-475, 509-516; Lodge, 182-242; Robinson, 310-320; Henderson, Short 
Hist, of Germamj, I, 203-227; Dunning, 265-280; Adams, Civilization, 402-415; Creigh- 
ton, bk. II, chs. iv, v, vi; Pastor, I, 171-207; Milman, bk. XIII, chs. viii, ix, x; Rob- 
inson, Rdgs., I, 511-514; Thatcher and McNeal, 325-332 



XXIIl. France and England 1328-1380 
The Hundred Years' War, I 

1. Causes of the Hundred Years' War 

a) the logic of nationalism; incongruity of national kingship with 
feudal vassalage; the King of England vassal of France for 
Guienne 

b) conflicting interests of England and France in Flanders; the 
Count of Flanders and his subjects; English wool trade and the 
Flemish burghers 

c) French intervention in Scotland ; friction in the Channel 

d) descent of Edward III from Philip the Fair; the Salic Law 

e) character and issues of the Hundred Years' War: the new nation- 
alism and new industrialism vs. feudalism and absolutism 

2. First period of the War (1338-1360); English success 

a) the Flemish rising (Jacques van Artevelde); appeal to Edward 
III; the expedition of 1338-39; scant results 

b) invasion of Normandy; Cr^cy (1346); superiority of the English 
bowman -a new era in the art of war; Calais (1347); Poitiers 
(1356); captivity of the French King 

c) the wretched condition of France; defeat, misery, anarchy 

d) Etienne Marcel and the revolutionary Estates-General (1355-57); 
the attempt at parliamentary control of the crown; the Dauphin 
and the revolution 

e) the "Jacquerie"- peasant insurrection; collapse of the revolu- 
tion; causes of its failure 

f) the Peace of Bretigny (1360) ; territorial losses 

3. The recovery of France under Charles V (1364-1380) 

a) reestablishment of royal authority ; return to absolutism ; royal 
control of revenues and army 

b) the Black Prince in Poitou; war with England renewed; success- 
ful strategy of Charles; Betrand du Guesclin 

c) recovery of territory ; by 1377 the English possessions reduced 
to five coast towns 

4. Economic distress and insurrection in England 

a) the Black Death (1348-1350); its social and economic efTects; 
attempt to regulate labor and wages; the Statute of Laborers 
(1351) 

b) national resentment at Papal aggressions and exactions; the 
statutes of Provisors (1351) and Praemunire (1353) 

c) corruption and misrule; John of Gaunt; attempted reforms of 
the Good Parliament (1376); religious and political teachings of 
Wyclif,-fZe Dominio 

d) the Peasants' Insurrection (1381); causes; Langland's Piers 
Plowman; suppression; gradual decline of the old manorial sys- 
tem ; improvement in the condition of the peasant 

Duruy, Mid. Ages, 392-413; Lodge, 66-97; Robinson, 281-291; Adams, Growth of 
Fr. Nation, 108-123; Guizot, 140-171; Duruy, Hist, of France, 187-211; Gardiner, 
231-270; Green, 217-255; Andrews, 160-190; Cheyney, Short Hist. Eng., 230-255; Chey- 
ney, Hdgs. Eng. Hist., 233-266; Robinson, Rdgs., I, 466-477 



XXIV. France and England. 1380-1453 
The Hundred Years' War, 11 

1. England, 1377-1413; accession of the House of Lancaster 

a) Richard II (1377-1399): his minority; the nobles, the Parlia- 
ment, and the crown ; the Lords Appellant 

b) Richard's tyranny and misrule; alienation of all classes; his de- 
position (1399); transfer of the crown to Henry IV (Lancaster) 

c) Henry IV (1399-1413): establishment of the Lancastrian dynas- 
ty; persecution of Lollardy (de Haeretico Comhurendo, 1401) 

d) growing power of Parliament,- taxation, legislation, impeach- 
ment, advice 

2. France, 1380-1414; misrule and civil war 

a) minority of Charles VI; ambitions of the King's uncles; misrule; 
oppression; popular insurrections, cruelly suppressed 

b) the King's intermittent insanity; rivalry for the regency; Bur- 
gundy vs. Orleans 

c) civil war between Burgundy and Armagnac (Orleans) ; Paris and 
the rival factions ; wretched state of France 

3. The war renewed; third period (1414-1420); the ruin of France 

a) the moment opportune; France divided; Henry V ambitious and 
popular; national feeling strong in England; an aggressive poli- 
cy approved 

b) Agincourt (1415); the rage of Paris; slaughter of the Armagnacs 

c) alliance of the Duke of Burgundy with the English 

d) Treaty of Troyes (1420), the betrayal and humiliation of France; 
Henry V to succeed to the crown of France 

4. Joan of Arc and the deliverance of France 

a) death of Charles VI and Henry V (1422); the claims of Henry 
VI and Charles VII ("the Dauphin") to the throne of France 

b) Joan of Arc (1429-1431): her "voices"; audience with the 
Dauphin; relief of Orleans (1429); jealousy of her success; capt- 
ure and betrayal to the English; execution; the martyr and the 
people's Saint; the Savior of France 

c) losing cause of the English; return of the Duke of Burgundy to 
his allegiance (1435); dissensions among the English leaders; 
final expulsion of the English (1453) 

5. Effects of the war upon the royal power in England and France 

a) France: dissolution narrowly averted; gradual recovery under 
Charles VII; the Great Ordinance of 1439 

b) England: weakness of Henry VI ; encroachments of the great 
nobles upon the royal authority; decline of the Commons 

Duruy, Mid. Ages, 413-442; Lodge, 315-358; Robinson, 291-295; Adams, Growth 
of Fr. Nation, 123-135; Guizot, 171-200; Duruy, Hist, of France, 212-248; Gardiner, 
278-320; Green, 255-281; Andrews, 190-210; Cheyney, Short Hist. Eng. , 258-268; Miche- 
let, Joan of Arc; Oliphant, Jeanne d' Arc; Cheyney, Rdgs.Eng. Hist., 267-271,278-295 



XXV. The Renaissance 

1. The spirit of the Renaissance 

a) the mediaeval mind: its presuppositions and philosophy; its view 
of man, the world, the social order, destiny 

b) the note of the Renaissance.-freedom and individualism 

c) the Crusades and the widening of the European horizon; the 
stirring of a new spirit in the thirteenth century 

d) Italy the natural birthplace of the Renaissance: the classical her- 
itage; closer contact with the East; fluid social and political 
conditions 

e) Dante (1265-1321) as a precursor of the Renaissance: his Dmna 
Commedia; mediaeval philosophy; feeling for classical culture; 
critical spirit; use of the vernacular 

2. Humanism and the revival of letters 

a) the Middle Ages and the classics.-suspicion of pagan literature 

b) the Renaissance and the classics; Humanism, the "rediscovery 
of man"; the Greek ideal and the mediaeval ideal 

c) Petrarch (1304-1374), the "Father of Humanism": classical 
studies; recovery of manuscripts; contempt for Scholasticism; 
the Sonnets 

d) revival of the study of Greek, and its consequences 

e) collection of books and antiquities; study of the texts ; begin- 
nings of critical scholarship; the academies; the invention of 
printing 

3. The Renaissance of art 

a) limitations and crudities of mediaeval art 

b) classic influences and the revival of art; the pioneers.-Nicolo 
Pisano, Cimabue, Giotto, Brunelleschi; the spirit of Renaissance 
art; the cult of beauty 

c) bloom of art in Italy; painting the preeminent art of the Renais- 
sance; great masters of the early Renaissance; artistic primacy 
of Florence 

4. The Renaissance as a moral and religious solvent 

a) the secularization of learning; anti-ecclesiastical spirit of Hu- 
manism; tendency to liberalism, skepticism, an esoteric intel- 
lectualism ; neo-Platonism and neo-paganisra 

b) critical scholarship and the claims of authority; Lorenzo Valla 
and the "Donation of Constantine" 

c) Humanism in the Papacy: Nicholas V; Pius II; the Renaissance 
spirit in the Church 

d) moral laxity; self-indulgence; unbridled individualism ; the pas- 
sion for fame; marvellous versatility of the Renaissance,-the 
iiomo universale 

e) politics of the Renaissance: disregard of the traditional sanctions 
of authority; "Might makes Right"; craft and violence; the 
soldier of fortune; the Despot; Machiavelli's Prince 

Robinson, 321-352; Duruv, 457-459, 531-534; Lodge, 515-533; Robinson and Rolfe, 
Petrarch, 1-56, 59-129, 130-158, 227-263; Adams, Civilization, 364-380; Symonds, i?e- 
vival of Learning, 1-24, 46-50, 58-68, 108-113, 158-165; Whitcomb, Source-book of the 
Italian Renaissance, 8-15, 55-62, 70-79; Robinson, Bdgs., I, 620-630 



XXVI. France and England. 1453-1509 
The New Absolutism 

1. Rehabilitation of the French monarchy; Charles VII (1422-1461) 

a) low state of France, 1435: exhaustion, demoralization, violence, 
oppression 

b) recovery of the powers of the crown; centralization of authority; 
control of the revenues ; standing army, under royal control 

c) restraints upon Church and clergy; Pragmatic Sanction of 
Bourges (1438) 

2. The establishment of absolutism; Louis XI (1461-1483) 

a) character, political principles and aims of Louis XI (the "Uni- 
versal Spider") ; the political situation at his accession; the forces 
of disintegration 

b) the Burgundian power; its rise and steady growth; ambition of 
the Duke to consolidate his domains ; the danger to France and 
the Empire 

c) Louis XI and Charles the Bold ; War of the Public Weal 

d) wars of Charles with the Swiss; his death (1477); seizure of 
French Burgundian lands by Louis; marriage of Mary of Bur- 
gundy and Maximilian of Austria ; beginning of struggle for the 
Burgundian lands 

e) ultimate triumph of Louis over the feudal aristocracy 

f) Charles VIII (1483-1498); marriage with Anne of Brittany; de- 
scent into Italy {cf. XXIX) 

g) strong, moderate and prosperous rule of Louis XII (1498-1515) 

3. The Wars of the Roses 

a) causes: weakness of Henry VI ; decline of the royal power; rival 
claims of Lancaster and York 

b) defeat of the Lancastrians (Towton, 1461); deposition of Henry 
VI; accession of Edward IV (Yorkist), 1461 

c) Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483): despotic rule; relations with 
Burgundy; favor to commerce; support of the towns 

d) Richard III (1483-1485): the murder of the princes; odious 
tyranny; defeat and death on Bosvvorth Field (1485) 

4. Establishment of the Tudor dynasty; Henry VII (1485-1509) 

a) effects of the Wars of the Roses; self-destruction of the old feu- 
dalism ; opportunity for royal despotism 

b) Henry's policy, -peace, order and unification; the nobles curbed, - 
retainers forbidden 

c) personal government; eclipse of Parliament by the crown; forced 
loans and impositions ("benevolences") ; Star Chamber 

d) encouragement of commerce; the Intercursus Magnus; the Mer- 
chants Adventurers; the voyages of the Cabots to the New World 

e) foreign policy; marriage alliances with Scotland and Spain 

France: Lodge, 358-393; Guizot, 200-221; Duruy, France, 239-282, 294-298; 
Adams, Grouth of Fr. Nation, 134-147; Grant, Fr. Monarchy, I, 1-16; Camb. Mod. 
Hist.. I, 384-400. England: Gardiner, 320-359; Green, 281-303; Moberly, 50-75; 
Cheyney, Short Hist. Eng. , 269-289; Cheyney, Rdgs. , 296-313 



XXVII. Germany under the House of Hapsburg, 1439-1519 

1. Frederick III (1439-1493); progress toward disintegration 

a) dynastic successes of Sigismund; Hungary; Bohemia 

b) the Hapsburgs as heirs of the Luxembourgs ; the succession in 
Hungary; disputed succession in Bohemia 

c) narrow, dynastic policy of Frederick III; neglect of the interests 
of the Empire; betrayal of the German Church (c/. XXII, 3, e) 

d) the danger of disintegration: feebleness of the central authority; 
want of national spirit; local jealousies and class antagonism; ter- 
ritorial ambitions of the Princes ; the Knights; strength and vigor 
of the cities 

e) military weakness; territorial losses on the frontiers,-Lorraine, 
Burgundy, Switzerland, Denmark. Poland, Bohemia, the Turks 

2. The Turkish peril 

a) the Ottoman Turks (Othman, 1288-1326); conquest of Asia 
Minor (Brusa taken, 1326); the Janissaries 

b) invasion of Europe (1356) ; capture of Adrianople (1361) ; con- 
quests in the Balkan peninsula: victory of Nicopolis (1396); 
advance into Hungary; temporary interruption of Turkish con- 
quest by the Mongol invasion (Tamerlane, 1370-1405) 

c) peril of the Eastern Empire; vain appeal to the West for aid 

d) fall of Constantinople (1453) 

e) conquest of Greece, the Balkan provinces, the Black Sea coast; 
defeat of Venice (1463-79); the alarm of Christendom 

3. Maximilian (1493-1519) 

a) character and aims of Maximilian; his dynastic interests; claims 
to Italian and Burgundian lands 

b) the growing demand for reform and consolidation ; the Electors' 
programme; Berthold of Mainz; the Diet of Worms (1495); 
movement for administrative, fiscal, military and judicial re- 
organization 

c) failure of the Electors' reform ; the counter- reorganization by the 
Emperor, to the advantage of the dynasty, rather than of the 
Empire 

d) Maximilian's intervention in Italian affairs (cf. XXIX) 

e) virtual independence of the Swiss (1499) 

f ) Hapsburg marriage alliances; foundation of a family empire 

Duruy, 492-50;^; Lodge, 394-418, 498-514; Johnson, 91-97, 106-116, 123-128; Camb. 
Mod. Hist., I, 288-328; Seebohm, Protestant Revolution, 26-40 



XXVIII. Rise of the Spanish Monarchy 

1. The Christian reconquest of Spain 

a) the Mohammedan conquest (VIII c.) ; Asturia alone Christian 

b) gradual advance southward; rise of the Christian states of Cas- 
tile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, Portugal 

c) decay of Moorish power in X c. ; disruption, XI c. ; reinvigora- 
tion, XI-XII cc.,-the Almoravides and Almohades 

d) the zenith of mediaeval Christian Spain (XIII c.) ; Alfonso the 
Wise, of Castile; James the Conqueror, of Aragon; acquisition 
of Sicily ; conquests in the Mediterranean ; Aragon as a rival of 
France 

e) effects of the Moorish wars upon Spanish character and institu- 
tions ; independence and turbulence of the nobility ; difficulty of 
asserting the royal authority; the crown and the Cortes, in Cas- 
tile, and in Aragon 

f) the confusion, anarchy and misrule of the XIV century in Spain 

2. Isabella (1474-1504) and the establishment of absolutism in Castile 

a) rival claimants and civil war in Castile; weakness of the crown 
at the accession of Isabella 

b) marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand of Aragon (1469) ; its politi- 
cal consequences 

c) rehabilitation of the royal power: assertion of authority over 
nobles, towns, Church; administrative reorganization 

d) Isabella and religion: assertion of the ecclesiastical prerogatives 
of the crown; reform of the clergy (Cardinal Ximenes) ; estab- 
lishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) ; Torquemada; per- 
secution of the Jews 

e) fall of Granada (1492) ; expulsion of the Moors 

3. Ferdinand the Catholic, of Aragon (1479-1516) 

a) the crown and the nobility in Aragon ; the Estates; the Justiciar 

b) the ambition of Aragon, a Mediterranean empire; Ferdinand's 
claim to Naples; intervention in Italian affairs (c/. XXIX) 

c) marriage alliances, with Austria, England, Portugal; way pre- 
pared for the empire of Charles V 

d) territorial acquisitions of Ferdinand and Isabella 

Duruy, 295-304, 476-482; Tout, 464-477; Lodge, 468-494; Johnson, 91-97, 103-106; 
Oamb. Mod. Hist., 1,347-358; Hume, Spain, 1-64; Hume, Spanish People, 267-28i, 
288-302, 305-317; Watte, Christian Recovery of Spain, chs. iv-vii 



XXIX. The Descent upon Italy 
Opening of a New International Era 

1. The Italian states in the fifteenth century 

a) Venice: commercial supremacy; inland expansion; rivalry with 
Milan ; military and naval reverses ; war with the Turks (1463- 
1479) ; loss of the ^gean islands ; acquisition of Cyprus 

b) Milan under the Sforza: strong rule of Francesco Sforza (1450- 
1466) ; ruinous policy of his successors 

c) Florence under the Medici: rise of the Medici; sources of their 
power; Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492) ; the Triple Alliance 
(Florence, Milan, Naples) and the peace of Italy 

d) the Papal States: recover}^ of the temporal power after the Schism; 
the Pope as an Italian prince; worldly interests and ambitions; 
nepotism; Sixtus IV, Innocent VIII, and Alexander VI, as typi- 
cal Popes of the period 

e) Naples: rival claims of Anjou and Aragon; the Pope and Naples; 
brutal despotism of Ferrante (1458-1494) ; revolt of the barons 

2. Causes of the descent upon Italy 

a) jealousies and dissensions among the Italian states; utter want 
of national feeling 

b) rupture of the Triple Alliance; revolt of the Neapolitan nobles; 
appeals to France ; fatuous desire of the Italians for intervention 

c) rival claims to Naples and Milan: Aragon; France; Austria 

d) the "pride of kings"; national expansion and the "balance of 
power" 

3. The struggle for Naples and Milan, 1494-1505 

a) the expedition of Charles VIII of France (1494): his claims to 
Naples; reception by the Italians; capture of Naples; difficult 
return (League of Venice; Fornovo) ; immediate loss of Naples 

b) the revolution in Florence: overthrow of the Medici; restoration 
of the Republic; Savonarola's call to reform; his political activ- 
ity; defiance of Papal injunction; popular reaction; trial and 
execution 

c) conquest of Milan by Louis XII (1499-1500) 

d) Louis XII and Ferdinand of Aragon ; partition of Naples; du- 
plicity of Ferdinand ; his acquisition of the entire kingdom ( 1505) 

4. The international wars, 1508-1516 

a) the League of Cambrai (the Pope, Louis XII, Ferdinand of Ara- 
gon, and Maximilian) against Venice (1508) ; defeat and humil- 
iation of Venice 

b) the Holy League (the Pope, Venice, the Swiss, Ferdinand, Max- 
milian, Henry VIII) against Louis XII; the war general ; the 
French evacuate Milan ; the Medici restored 

c) expedition of Francis I; Marignano (1515) ; recovery of Milan;- 
Concordat with the Pope ; the Perpetual Peace with the Swiss 

Lodge, 243-314; Camb. Mod. Hist., I, 199-218, 104-143, 149-189; Johnson, Europe 
in XVI c, 14-84; Grant, Fr. Mon.,1, 17-46; Duruy, France, 283-294; Guizot, 221-245; 
Robinson, Rdgs., I, 516-520; II. 1-24 



XXX. The Dawn of a New World 

1. The Cape Route to India 

a) incentives to search for a new route to the East: interruption of 
the old overland routes; monopoly of the Red Sea route by 
Venice ; competition for the spice trade 

b) development of nautical science; the mariner's compass; Prince 
Henry the Navigator, of Portugal, patron of exploration 

c) progressive discovery of the African coast b}' the Portuguese 

d) the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope (1486) ; voyage of Vasco 
da Gama to India (1498) 

e) Portuguese conquests in the East: Goa (1510); Malacca (1511); 
Ormuz (1515) ; African trading stations 

2. The discovery of America 

a) knowledge of the sphericity of the earth; Toscanelli's map 

b) Columbus and the discovery of America (1492) 

c) the voyages of the Cabots (1497-98); discovery of Newfoundland 

d) discovery of Brazil (1500), Florida (1512), the Pacific Ocean 
(1513) ; Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the globe 
(1519-22) 

e) conquest of Mexico (1519), and of Peru (1532-36) 

f) the Spanish colonial empire; Spain's colonial policy 

3. The revolution in commerce 

a) the new trade routes; shifting of the commercial center of gravi- 
ty to the Atlantic seaboard ; commercial expansion of Portugal, 
the Netherlands, England 

b) world commerce on a national basis: inadequacy of the old mu- 
nicipal commercial organization (fair, market, local regulations, 
individual trading) ; rise of the joint stock company; govern- 
ment protection and patronage 

c) capitalism in industry and commerce: capitalistic control of the 
gilds ; cleavage between capital and labor ; capital and the quick- 
ening of commerce and industry 

d) the money-power: growth of credit-business and banking; great 
financiers,- the Fuggers, the Welsers, the Medici, Jacques Coeur, 
the Canynges ; financial supremacy of Antwerp 

e) the increase of money: need of specie for the Oriental trade; the 
search for gold and silver; exploitation of the American mines; 
influx of bullion into Europe ; the rise in prices 

4. National consolidation and absolute monarchy 

a) the decay of feudalism ; rise of the middle class; the spirit of 
nationalism ; desire for unity ; the monarchy and national unity 

b) the money-power and absolutism: kings and financiers; loans; 
fiscal reorganization; freedom of the crown from interference or 
restraint; mercenar}^ armies; the temptation to war 

c) kings and com.merce: the economic solidarity of the nation; 
political influence of the moneyed interest; national trade poli- 
cies; development of naval power; trade wars 

Camb. Mod. Hist., I, 493-521; Day, Hist, of Commerce, 123-156; Webster, 107-129; 
Cunningham, II, 171-196; Myers, Modern Age, 1-24; Beazley, Prince Henry the Navi- 
gator, passim 



Select List of Books 

Adams, G. B.: Civilization during the Middle Ages 

Orowfh of the French Nation 

Adams, G. B., and Stephens, H. M.: Select Documents of English Consti- 
tutional History 
Alzog, J.: Manual of Universal Church History] 3 v. 
Andrews, C. M.: History of England 
Archer, T. A., and Kingsford, C. L.: The Crusades 
Armstrong, E.: Lorenzo f/e' Medici 
Balzani, U.: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen 
Barnard, F. P.: Companion to English History 
Barry, W.: The Papal Monarchy 
Bateson, M.: Mediaeval England 

Bemont, C, and Monod, G.: Mediaeval Europe; ed. Adams 
Bryce, J.: The Holy Roman Empire 

Burckhardt, J.: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy; 2 v. 
Bury, J. B.: History of the Later Roman Empire; 2 v. 
Cambridge Mediaeval History 
Cambridge Modern History; vol. I 
Cheyney, E. P.: Short History of England 

Readings in English History 

Church, R. W.: The Beginning of the Middle Ages 
Cox, G. W.: The Crusades 

Creighton, M.: History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of 

Rome ; 6 v. 
Cunningham, W.: Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects; 2 v. 
Cuthbert, Fr.: St. Francis 

Cutts, E. L.: Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages 
Day, C: History of Commerce 

Dill, F.: Roman Society in the last century of the Western Empire 
Dow, E. W.: Atlas of European History 
Dunning, W. A.: A History of Political Theories; 2 v. 
Duruy, V.: History of the Middle Ages; ed. Adams 

History of France; ed. Jameson 

Egan, M. F.: Everybody's St. Francis 
Eginhard: Life of Charlemagne ; tr. Turner 

Emerton, E.: Lntroduction to the Study of the Middle Ages 

Mediaeval Europe 

Firth, C: Const antine 

Fisher, G. P.: History of the Christian Church 
Freeman, E. A.: Historical Oeography of Europe 

The Norman Conquest; 6 v. 

William the Conqueror 

The Ottoman Poiver in Europe 

History and Conquests of the Saracens 

Historical Essays 

Gardiner, S. R.: Student's History of England 
Gibbins, H. de B.: History of Commerce in Europe 

Gibbon, E.: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; ed. Bury; 7 v. 
Gilman, A.: The Saracens 



Giry, A., and R6ville, A.: The Emancipation of the Mediaeval Totvns; eds. 

Bates and Titsworth 
Grant, A. J.: The French Monarchy; 2 v. 
Green, A. S.: Henry II 

Toivn Life in the Fifteenth Century ; 2 v. 

Green, J. R.: Short History of the English People 

Gregorovius, F.: History of Rome in the Middle Ages; tr. Hamilton; 8 v. 
Guizot, F. P. G.: Concise History of France 

— History of CiviUzation in France; 3 v. 

Hallam, H.: Vieiv of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages 
Haskins, C. H.: The Normans in European History 
Henderson, E. F.: Short History of Oermany; 2 v. 

— — — — History of Oermany during the Middle Ages 

Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages 

Hodgkin, T.: Italy and her Invaders; 8 v. 

The Dynasty of Theodosius 

■ Theodoric the Goth 

'- Charles the Great 

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Spain 

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Laiv and Politics in the Middle Ages 

— — Parliamentary England 

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Johnson, A. H.: The Normans in Europe 

Europe in the sixteenth century 

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Kingsley, C: The Roman and the Teuton 

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Lane-Poole, R.: Illustrations of the History of Mediaeval Thought 

Lane-Poole, S.: Saladin 

■ The Moors in Spain 

Lavisse, E., and Rambaud, A., eds.: Histoire Generate; 12 v. 
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History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages; 3 v. 

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Makers of Venice 

Jeanne d'' Arc 

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The Art of War in the Middle Ages 

The Byzantine Empire 

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